Comparative Analysis of Two Teachers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Near Analysis of Two Teachers - Essay Example In any case, this educator, whose class should begin after our lunch period, consistently began her class not on schedule, yet 30 minutes ahead of schedule. Implying that as opposed to having an hour to rest between classes, when that I had this specific science class, my cohorts and I wound up wolfing down our snacks and hurrying to class, now and then while as yet biting, all together not to miss the beginning of the meeting. I loathed the days when I had this class explicitly consequently. It was awful enough that everything she did was have us draw outlines and scribble down notes as she composed it on the load up, yet she in many cases neglected to precisely clarify the science exercise also. To exacerbate the situation, this educator cautioned us that on the off chance that we bombed 2 short tests and her single long test, we could overlook the quarterly tests, bomb the standard tests and we got a programmed flop in her class.â This was as an unmistakable difference to my ins tructor in English whom we as a whole loved as a result of her sympathy for her understudies. She realized that our class could be exhausting a result of all the content that we needed to peruse and see so she created approaches to keep us keen on her group. She utilized pretending exercises, understudy oral introductions, and film viewings for her potential benefit. There was not an understudy who didn't cherish her since she regarded her understudies as equivalents as opposed to subordinate understudies. She permitted us to have a supposition and she generally empowered open conversation of the class point. She never said an understudy had an off-base answer.

Research Essay Health Care Reform free essay sample

Despite the fact that the lion's share of Americans differ in the suggestions of the social insurance change, a solitary payer framework is required for those who are uninsured and can't stand to purchase a private protection (Mears). All together for private protections to in any case be procuring a benefit and at the interim giving protection to the individuals who were denied previously, government needs to spread the expense among all Americans by expanding charge rate to citizens. Expanding charge rate by in any event two percent would permit everybody to have fundamental wellbeing inclusion (Walker). The individuals who need quality mind and don't wish to take an interest may withdrawal whenever however should go into contract with a private protection. We will compose a custom paper test on Research Essay Health Care Reform or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the previous decade, workers have seen their premiums about twofold (Cutler). As an outcome numerous Americans are uninsured and the American medicinal services framework needs a change to help the a great many individuals who can't bear to pay for a private protection. As Cutler, a teacher of financial matters at Harvard, stated, â€Å"Without the wellbeing change, in excess of 15 million of Americans may lose their inclusion throughout the following decade and abandon insurance†. Premiums are simply too high and a few people are not procuring enough cash to be paying those high sums in protection. On the off chance that those people don't have medical coverage it will cost more to the citizens on the off chance that they get into a mishap and need to go to crisis rooms (Conan). Then again with higher duty rates, that implies people that procure more cash are going to pay much more than what they would be paying for a private protection. Furthermore, the single citizen framework would be the most exceedingly awful alternative for the change. The single payer framework would permit everybody to have essential clinical consideration, yet individuals need to have great quality mind however would prefer not to follow through on a greater expense for protection. As per author Walker there are better choices for the change. â€Å"One alternative is making a default general medical coverage for everybody and increment all the taxpayers’ rate by at any rate two percent†. By expanding the expense rate it would permit to pay for protection for those people who can't bear the cost of it themselves, the individuals who are in incredibly sick conditions and who have been denied by the private protections. The remainder of the individuals who don't have protection will have the choice to be in fundamental protection plan yet with a specific constraint of inclusion per year† which likewise applies to the people with prior conditions. When they have surpassed their cutoff sum they would need to pay it from their own pockets. A change would not work except if everybody is a piece of the bigger pool either by their own or by being a piece of the single citizen framework. People would be able to quit the protection plan, anyway they need to go into contract with a private insurance† (Walker). The essential arrangement probably won't accommodate all the inclusion that the individual needs, so on the off chance that they have the cash to enter an agreement with a private supplier, or they see that they are going as paying less by their own they can quit whenever. Whichever way individuals pick they need to purchase medical coverage. Absolutely, nobody might want to pay for others to be solid when they can be purchasing a product for themselves. In any case, â€Å"If everybody collaborates for the prosperity of the country, it would assist the country with reducing the deficiency if more accentuation is put on quality clinical practices† (Cutler). Quality human services prompts less visits to the crisis rooms when somebody becomes ill and over the long haul it can bring down premiums by in excess of 12 percent (Mears). Tragically, individuals want to have wares instead of spending to benefit the economy. The legislature just needs to help a large number of uninsured Americas who can't manage the cost of for a private protection. All things considered, As Neal Conan from Talk of the Nation said â€Å"We all need moderate protection, yet what is reasonable for one individual is another persons’ out of reach†. The Health care change probably won't be the best alternative for everybody since it requires for everybody to go into a private agreement with a protection supplier, which is unlawful. Whichever way they do it somebody will be profited while the other one is hurt yet something must be done to help each one of those people who are needing a change.

Satago

Satago Satago is a Software as a Service tool for crowd-sourced payment behavior (redit control) founded in 2012. The company is headquartered in London.Steven Renwick, Co-Founder and CEO of Satago, shares his insights on starting the company.He covers topics such as: (1) Funding the business via crowdfunding and Angelist (2) Finding a co-founder (3) How Satagos business mode works (4) His corporate and marketing strategy.If you enjoy it, please share the video with your friends.Martin: Hi. Today we are at Satago, an interesting start-up, and next to me is Steven. Steven who are you and what do you do?Steven: So, my name is Steven Renwick. I’m the founder of Satago and Satago is a platform that automates credit control for small businesses and freelancers to help them get paid faster.Martin: Okay, and how did you come up with this idea?Steven: Well, it’s an idea I had for years and my motivation for starting it is that I got a family business back home in Scotland in the construction se ctor and the construction sector is notorious for late payments. So it’s something I grew up with and I have always had this desire to try and build something to help small businesses like my family business get on top of their late payers.Martin: Okay and what did you do before you started this Satago Company?Steven: Well, my background is very eclectic. Immediately before Satago, I was working for Rocket Internet in London and Berlin, launching E-commerce companies around the world and before that, I did an MBA at Oxford University and before that, I was actually a research scientists. So I did a PHD in genetics many years ago and I worked in the pharmaceutical sector. Martin: Interesting, okay. Briefly describe how the business model in Satago works.Steven: Well its quite simple, its software-as-a-service (SaaS), so companies pay monthly to use Satago to automate their credit control. The price basically depends on the size of the company and because we integrate directly with the accounting software, it depends what type of accounting software they use. Theres a free level if you’re using that, a very low level and also we work with credit management agencies. Satago effectively becomes CRM for them and they use it with their own clients.Martin: What is the current status of your company, are you already launched or are you, I don’t know making millions and trillions of dollars, instead?Steven: No millions yet, we are very, very early stage and we basically announced our first kind of major round last week. The platform’s been open for a few months but really kind of launched it probably last week, for the first time.Martin: Okay, great. Tell us more; what are your plans for customer acquisition? What are the target of customer of your platform and how do you plan to target them? Maybe what are the proposed or hypothesized most efficient marketing channels?Steven: That’s tough, that’s something we’ve got to find out. In theory any company or freelancer is a potential user for Satago and now obviously that’s a pretty big market, we are only targeting UK to start off with.Martin: Okay.Steven: And obviously that’s two million SME’s, plus two million freelancers, we kind of target those. Now because we act as this kind of CRM for credit managers, also for accountants to help them manage their own customer’s credit control, our proposed sales model is that we actually target the credit management agencies and the accountants, so we become a tool for them to help them work with their customers and that gives us a much smaller subset of people we can target and then each one of those can introduce us to dozens or hundreds of their own clients to Satago.Martin: So you target the people and who are advising their clients? Steven: Yeah.Martin: Are you also targeting like software, like enterprise resource management systems like SAP for SME companies to make a plugin or something like that?Steven: We are not only targetin g SAP, people who use SAP because we are effectively a kind of SAP type product for the SME that don’t really use it and so in that respect, the more typical partner for us is the accounting companies. So the likes of FreeAgent or Sage or CashFlow, they all build their cloud accounting with APIs, so people like us can build third-party applications. They then have app stores where they promote these applications. So they are the sort of partners that are good for us, because they want to build their eco-systems as much as possible by having add-ons and we want to get access to their users, so if you go to Free Agent or Sage just now, you will see we’re in their app store and their teams will promote us. If one of their user says what do you have on credit control? They can say, well we’ve got this within Sage, but we’ve also got an easy integration with Satago, which is one of our partners. Martin: Understood. Let’s talk briefly about corporate strategy. How do you perceiv e or what is your plan of attack to create a competitive advantage and who do you perceive your main competitors and why do you think you can out- compete with them?Steven: Well, perhaps the main competitors are the accounting platforms themselves. Theyve always got a bit of basic credit control functionality built into them, but were essentially taking that to the next level, so for the accounting firms themselves it is a difficult enough task to build good accounting software and they concentrate on that. That obviously gave us the advantage. We can concentrate on just doing the credit control, and doing it better than they can do already. I mean long-term, I see the market. I see there is a gap in the market for a product like this, youve got what the accounting software can do already, youve got your ERP-level software, you don’t really have anything in the middle for SMEs. And I see Satago as being a bit like Zendesk for credit management. Zendesk came in when there wasnt rea lly good help desk software out there and they kind of owned that market, so now if you want to build help desk into your product, your first choice is probably going to be Zendesk and that’s what we use as well.Martin: The difference from my perspective for Zendesk, you have standard alone product that you can integrate and let’s say credit control it’s more kind of like a feature or add-on functionality to a typical accounting software that I can also use, that’s why if you’re competing with a typical accounting software, what happens if they would add just similar plugin like that?Steven: It’s â€" I wouldn’t say, no because you’re thinking about credit control maybe too simply, I mean credit control is about customer relation management, it’s not just a plug-in. So within the companies, you will have your accounting department but you will also have your credit control department.Steven: And that’s a separate department. We are building for those people in tho se departments, that does make it something unique from the rest of the basic accounting tools. Martin: Okay, that was good. You have a special story that you told me about you have this interest in sort of fundraising. Can you tell us a little more about that?Steven: Yes, so I think we are very much the new model of fundraising. We were pretty much the first company in the UK to raise crowd equity funding and we did that through Seedrs, so that was late 2012, I raised 30,000 pounds from 60 investors, that took about 10 days, it was quite amazing. And I did that as a solo founder. I used that money to build the MVP for Satago just to kind of prove the concept, prove that we will get some interest and that did quite well. It got me into the final at Seed CampMartin: Yeah.Steven: And I was on my own there and everyone said we like the product, we like what you are doing, we like the market, etc. etc. But we are not going to invest in the solo non-technical founder.Martin: Yeah.Steven: I then spend the next 5 months solidly looking for a co-founder because it’s not easy finding a technical guy who would want to join you; it’s almost a cliché, business guys with an MBA looking for a technical guy to just build the product.Martin: Yeah.Steven: But I was very much looking for a partner, not someone to work for me, someone to work with me. And I was very lucky in the end, I found a guy call Adam who was at Palantir Technology, which is very well known kind of, or it is often describes as the biggest Silicon Valley company you wouldn’t have heard of. But if you have heard of it, you will know it is kind of at the same level as Google and LinkedIn and stuff like that. So he joined me as co-founder, we got into Seed Camp final week again and this time we got into Seed Camp, so I have done the Seeds, I have found co-founder and now we are at Seed Camp, okay keep ticking the boxes. And what happened then was that we very quickly got some funding committed by BDMI w hich is a VC arm of Bertelsmann and that kind of gave us the cornerstone of the round. And I started to do the fundraising as normal, pitching as many people as I could and it did quite well, we were aiming for 400,000 pounds. We very quickly got over a quarter of that committed but then it kind of stalled a little bit until we got featured on Angelist. Angelist is a very popular angel investor network from the US just coming to Europe and we got featured on Angelist.I woke up; I saw a tweet saying, “Oh, Satago is being featured on Angelist, okay that’s nice.” Looked to my email, had about 20 messages from investors, I then was getting phone calls from investors who didn’t want to miss out on their own and I had some very famous US firms from Silicon Valley emailing me and asking to get my pitch and within about 3 hours, I had an extra 200,000 pounds committed and it very quickly wrapped up after that. So we actually went from 400,000 to 600,000. 600,000 was the upper limit; I think in total commitments we probably had way over 700,000 possibly 900,000 but it was going silly, we didn’t need that much money, we’d just dilute ourselves too much.So yeah, we done, we done Seedrs, we done Seed Camp and now we have been featured on Angelist, and had the full round, so it was definitely not easy but it was a very interesting experience. Martin: Did you do something in order to be featured on Angelist or is it just by luck?Steven: No, it’s not luck. I mean one of the guys that heads up Angelist in Europe, Philipp Moehring knew Satago very well because he was previously at Seed Camp, so he knew us, he knew the company well, he knew the stage we were at, it was kind of pretty much â€" maybe we were on the early side but we’d already got a quarter of the money committed, so we weren’t just a random an idea. So we worked out with the timing and yeah, he decided to feature us, I didn’t actually see the email, until after months after it has been sent ou t. I thought we were just going to be one name on a list and a big email, actually it was an email entirely about Satago, which I think everybody on Angelist who’d said they were interested in FinTech in Europe, must have received this email.Martin: Not bad.Steven: Not bad.Martin: One part that we do is we try to teach our readers about tips from leading entrepreneurs and you have two interests in your experience that you made, one of them was crowdfunding and the other one was finding a co-founder. And first I would like to understand how if you have an idea and would like to put it on crowdfunding; can you make sure you get like say 30, 50K?Steven: Yeah, so I think you’ve got two ways of hitting your target, and all the platforms works in the same model, it’s like Kickstarter, if you don’t raise your target, everyone gets their money back. So you’ve got two options, either you’ve got your product which is already out there to some degree and therefore you have a crowd of people that are using it, they like it, you can say to a 1000 people, “hey, we are raising money” and they will kind of seed it for you. Or you mange to find first the kind of the cornerstone money. You will find that you can speak privately to a few people who said, “Yeah, okay I like that,” 2,000 pounds, 1,000 pounds, 5,000 pounds, not massive amounts in terms of real angel investing but enough to make your listing standout. Because according to Seedrs, if you get above 30% funding, most of them will close. It’s about getting the early traction.Martin: Okay.Steven: And you have to â€" it’s not just a case of listing on there and good things will happen, actually that’s what happened to me. I was lucky, I basically was on there at Seedrs launch, so it was a rising tide and I was on the ship, so I got the random crowd investing.Some people I knew put money in, but not an awful lot, yeah that’s the two ways, you speak to people, you get them to commit the cornersto ne money or you have the community which you think will probably invest. Martin: Will you get a high ranking if you have let’s say 30% of minimum total investment?Steven: Yeah, you will get more predominantly featured, because if you just â€" there is like a dozen or two dozen campaigns getting funded on there at any one time. I mean you go in there, you’re instantly drawn to the ones that, I think it sorts them by the most percentage funding, and you’re always drawn to the ones which are doing well, because you follow the crowd, it is herd mentality. It was the same with our investment round, like I said, it plateau-d a little bit but once we got to 70 or 80% invested, I was turning investors away on the phone. It was the same with Seedrs, “I got obsessed with pressing refresh and you see someone put 10 pounds in this and I said wow. Some strange person just put 10 pounds into my company and then one time I refreshed it and someone put 5,000 pounds and I was like “Whoo” , somebody puts 5,000 pounds into my business.It kind of hit that 30% and then kind of travelled steadily, steadily, steadily until about 70% and then everyone gets the fear of missing out and then boom! In like 6 hours it’s done.Martin: Okay, was this kind of equity investment or was it a grant? Steven: Yes, so we gave away 14% equity for 30,000 which on the face of it, it’s quite cheap but at the same time, Satago then was an idea in my head.Martin: Yeah.Steven: A Power Point and a video of me sitting in my kitchen floor describing what Satago is, so I didn’t have justification to have a valuation much higher than that.Martin: True, the same time you find the co-founder, what advise can you give first time entrepreneurs who are maybe not technical, to find a technical co-founder.Steven: So I’ve got a lot of people asking me that, because I have written a couple of blog posts about it which did quite well, so it’s worth looking at my blog, if you can find it. But I can on ly say what worked for me and you’ve got to have unfair advantages, and I had several things which made me stand out beyond the crowd. You could argue, some of them weren’t necessarily good things, but they worked. I had the MBA, I had worked for Rocket Internet and I had raised money on Seedrs, I had built a prototype and I had gotten to the final of Seed Camp. So the way I actually found Adam was on a start-up job board, WorkInStartups.com and my title on the job advertisement was Seed Camp finalists looking for technical co-founder.So that’s an immediate filter, is that they can look at that and say well if it’s good enough for Seed Camp, to at least be a finalist, it’s not just some random business guy with his stupid idea for some social network thing. So you need to differentiate, you need to prove you can do things even when you’re on your own. So even though I’m not a developer, I was able to build a prototype using prototyping wire framing software called HotG loo. Now HotGloo is made for building wire frames, if you bother investigating enough, you can actually make a pretty interactive wire frame and you can build your super MVP there.Martin: Yeah.Steven: Now if you can do those things and prove you’re more than just the guy who goes, “hey I’ve got an idea,” everything you can do, just takes you a step beyond. If you can do that, if you can raise a little bit of money on Seedrs, enough to kind of build MVP, even if it’s just like the designs, not even the actual working model and anything you can do to take you beyond the guy with the idea makes you more attractive and then after that, it’s just about using your networks as much as possible. So when I was reaching out through LinkedIn, I was speaking to friends, I was going to any events I could, the problem is when you ask other technical people if they know anybody that would join a start-up, they would pretty much say to you, yeah you’re about the third person to ask me that this month.So there is no getting around supply and demand. Good technical people who could be co-founder level are in short supply. Martin: And the MVP that you built before you met your co-founder, was it only like wire frames or did you also had some back-end?Steven: No, because the MVP that I built before I met Adam was fully functioning, because I’d raised the money on Seedrs already, I had been working on it about for 8 months already and the first design was done the back-end worked, it was a different model because we pivoted a little bit but it worked properly, you can go in there and you can use it and thatsMartin: Did you hire some coders?Steven: Yeah, so I was very lucky and I basically used a contract developer â€" a contract development agency. Now, you hear a lot of horror stories about the business guy that uses an outsourced contract development agency. I was lucky that the guys that I picked had already built an e-commerce company website for a friend of m ine which had been very successful. It’s one of the biggest online second-hand book-sellers in North America, so I trusted that they would be good and yeah, it sorted out very well. Martin: Awesome, good. Thank you very much Steven for your time and maybe next time we can visit Satago.

3 Grading Tips to Take the Work Out of Worksheets

Access to Evidence Based Sex Education in American Public...

There is a strong need for greater access to current and evidence-based sex education in American public schools. Concurrent with access to information and education about human sexuality, schools should also be offering students safe, anonymous ways of receiving condoms. Condoms are crucial for preventing unwanted pregnancy: and it can easily be said that all teen pregnancies in the United States will be classified as unwanted. Moreover, condoms will prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. When they are used properly, condoms can become lifesavers. However, adolescents are often woefully ignorant about when and how to use condoms. Few adolescents in the United States have ready access to condoms, either at home or in schools. Because of the general prudishness embedded in Bible Belt America, states like Georgia must take a strong stance on the issue. Georgia should follow suit with states like Massachusetts, who have implemented successful condom distribution programs i n their schools. Condom distribution programs in public schools serve a variety of positive functions, and promote public health. One of the reasons why a condom distribution program in public schools promotes public health is that the program coincides with sex education. The proposed condom distribution program in Georgia would entail offering students counseling, guidance, and formal instruction on how to properly use and dispose of condoms. Opponents of sex education and of condomShow MoreRelatedPublic Schools Vs. Sex Schools1565 Words   |  7 Pages Public Schools v. Single- Sex Schools Did you ever think about the people that your children are surrounded by throughout the school day? If they are bullied, left alone or fit in? Did you ever consider putting them in a different school? Education is very important. Some of the reasons education is important are quite simple. Education is to better a person s self knowledge needed later in life. We start education at such a young age because children have a different level of common knowledgeRead MoreSex Education And The Early 19th Century1204 Words   |  5 PagesSex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including emotional relations and responsibilities, human sexual anatomy, sexual activity, sexual reproduction, age of consent, reproductive health, reproductive rights, safe sex, birth control, and abstinence. Sex education that covers all of these aspects is known as comprehensive sex education as opposed to the abstinence only education that only promotes abstinence. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers,Read MoreAbstinence Only Programs For Public Schools1383 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to advocatesforyouth.org, â€Å"abstinence only education teaches students to abstain from sex prior to marriage.† These program has been proven to be ineffective. Abstinence only education is ineffective because it is not conducive in reducing teen pregnancy rates and sexually transmitted diseases rates. Abstinence only programs are less likely to teach students about birth control and contraception and how to access it. These programs has not been shown to reduce teen sexual activity. AbstinenceRead MoreHigh Teen Pregnancy Rate: Comprehensive Sex Education at Fault?1377 Words   |  6 PagesIn Kizzy’s case, the blame is put on the lack of sexual education within her school. She claims that because she did not received adequate information on this subject, she was unaware of what she was getting herself into. The question is: will the opportunity to experience sex education classes make a difference in preventing teen pregnancy? Sexual education, in a broad sense, is a series of courses taken by adolescents throughout their school years in order gain a better understanding of aspects thatRead MoreProviding Teenagers Contraceptives in High Schools is the Next Step1102 Words   |  5 PagesProviding Teenagers Contraceptives in High Schools is the Next Step Approximately four million teens get a sexually transmitted disease every year (Scripps 1). Today’s numbers of sexually active teens differ greatly from that of just a few years ago. Which in return, projects that not only the risk of being infected with a sexually transmitted disease (STD) has risen, but the actual numbers of those infected rise each year as well. These changes have not gone unnoticed. In fact have producedRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases And Younger Population Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesUnable to access STD testing. Likely to have more than one sex partner Lack of knowledge Substance abuse Unlikely to feel comfortable about speaking to someone about sex Characteristics That Could Affect the Plan â€Å"The spread of STDs is directly affected by social, economic, and behavioral factors. Such factors may cause serious obstacles to STD prevention due to their influence on social and sexual networks, access to and provision of care, willingness to seek care, and social norms regarding sex and sexualityRead MoreEssay On Sexuality In The United States878 Words   |  4 PagesNYC resided in this borough †¢ I am the oldest of two girls and the expectations were very high. †¢ Growing up in my household, education and marriage were considered essential and a must. †¢ Sex education was a topic that was considered taboo at home and limited in schools. Sex Education in the United States †¢ In the 1800s due to an outbreak of cholera and syphilis many public campaigns began to promote the regulation of sexuality. †¢ In 1835, adolescents throughout America learned about sexualityRead MoreSexual Education : Teenage Pregnancy And Teen Pregnancy1509 Words   |  7 PagesSexual Education In the future Sexual Education courses will prevent teen pregnancy and teen abortions as well as educate students about factors that can affect life such as the deadly disease AIDS and other STD’s, inform youth about making smart choices about sex now and in the future, prevents accidental pregnancies, and assist in empowerment and awareness against sexual violence. According to the article â€Å"State Policies on Sex Education in Schools† only 15% of states offer sex education. That’sRead MoreThe Issue Of Public Single Sex Education Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe interest in public single-sex education has increased in the recent years as schools are piled with more pressure to increase their grades and keep teaching method fresh. It’s an old approach to the education but its gaining momentum in public schools as it has been the method in most private schools. According to the report by National Association for Single Sex Education, over two hundred public schools across the United States offer single-sex classrooms. Most public schools are venturing intoRead MoreWhat Was The Aftermath Of The Provision? After Ab12661648 Words   |  7 Pagesact, people who feel their privacy in the bathroom has been violated by a transgender person would have the right to sue for no less than $4,000† (Garza). The act also requires that people use the bathroom that matches their birth sex and this includes bathrooms in public places and in government buildings. Norms Kristen Schilt and Laurel Westbrook, sociologists from the University of Chicago and Grand Valley University, describe in their article â€Å"bathroom battlegrounds and penis panics† the underlying

Absolutism and Constitutionalism Free Essays

string(208) " an Act of Parliament, it could be dissolved only with the agreement of the members and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of interregnum in 1660\." 1. Why did monarchs in the late 16th/early 17th centuries need new sources of income? Why did monarchs wish to get their income without the permission of the nobility? 2. Explain the role that each of the following played in the failure of England achieving absolutism, as well as the success of the French: England France  · Religion – Religion  · Parliament/Tradition – Estates General  · Personalities of Leaders – Personalities of Leaders  · Trust of Nobility – Trust of nobility 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Absolutism and Constitutionalism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Henry IV came to the throne and helped to end the French Wars of Religion. After over 30 years of civil war, France was a wreck politically and economically. To set the stage for absolutism, he and his finance minister, the duke of Sully, needed to strengthen certain aspects of the nation and weaken others. Explain where the following fell into their plans, using the terms in parenthesis in your answer:  · power of nobility (parlements)  · increased money for crown (monopolies)  · increased opportunity for economic success (canals, corvee) 4. After Henry IV’s assassination, his 9 year old son Louis XIII became king. Too young to rule, his mother named a brilliant official to serve as his regent. Explain how the following policies show the nature of Richelieu’s â€Å"raison d’etat†:  · Use of intendants  · Actions in the 30 Years War (1618-1648)  · Treatment of nobles  · Treatment of Huguenots 5. Describe the factors that led to the revolt (known as the Fronde) of the French nobility against the young Louis XIV and Cardinal Mazarin (1649-1652). What lesson did the Fronde teach Louis XIV? How did it help prepare the French people for absolutist rule? Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o The first part of this reading provides an overview of the two systems of government that developed, and offers you hints as to why they developed as they did. Read this carefully so that many of the details listed in future sections will mean more to you. o There is a big difference between the English Parliament and the French parlements (note difference in spellings). The Parliament (-ia) historically had the ability to declare whether taxes were just (fair) or not, and so the kings/queens always had to go before Parliament whenever they needed money. Parliament, located in London, had the ability to make laws. French parlements (-e) were different in that there were many regional parlements as opposed to one central one, and they lacked the ability to make laws. Rather, the French parlements just had the authority to accept or refuse policies proposed by the monarchy. The French also had the Estates General to serve as its legislature, but it was a medieval creation that never really caught on among the French nobles. It could only meet when it was called into session by the king, and that was very rare (met once between 1618 and 1788). Chapter 13 – England 1. The Policy of Circumvention refers to the various English kings’ efforts to go around, or circumvent, Parliament in their gathering of money for the crown. Explain how each of the following was an effort to raise or save money, and why it angered nobles/members of Parliament:  · impositions- These additional custom duties were seen as taxation on imports and exports by Parliament and as requiring parliamentary consent. They angered nobles and members of Parliament because they viewed it as taxation without consent. selling titles of nobility (think supply and demand– why would nobles feel like they each had less power if there were more nobles in the nation? )- people did anything they could to get a higher position so of course they would buy titles of nobility and since there were many nobles now, previous nobles felt less power because there weren’t as many â€Å"important† titles for everyone.  · James I’s role as peacemaker- 2. Summarize the many religious complaints that were raised against King James I. In defending the episcopacy, what did James mean when he retorted â€Å"No bishops, no king (pg. 452). – James viewed the proposal to replace bishops with presbyteries as an attempt to diminish his power in the church so he quoted that. 3. What actions led Parliament force Charles I to accept the Petition of Right? How would Charles I have attempted to defend himself and his actions? What freedoms did the Petition guarantee? -disputes between Parliament and King Charles I over the execution of the Thirty Years’ War, Parliament refused to grant subsidies to support the war effort, leading to Charles gathering â€Å"forced loans† without Parliamentary approval and arbitrarily imprisoning those who refused to pay. The Petition guaranteed restrictions on non-Parliamentary taxation, forced billeting of soldiers, imprisonment without cause, and restricts the use of martial law. 4. Why did Parliament not meet between 1629 and 1640? Describe the circumstances that required their meeting in 1640. – The Triennial Act was intended to prevent kings from ruling without Parliament, as Charles had done between 1629-1640. The act required that Parliament meet for at least a fifty-day session once every three years. 5. Create a timeline using the following terms, explaining what each is and how the terms relate to one-another.  · Short Parliament Scottish Invasion  · Long Parliament’s New Laws (1640-41)  · Grand Remonstrance  · Invasion of Parliament (Roundhead/Cavaliers) 1639-1640 – Scottish Invasion= Breakdown of Charles’s government of Scotland and two attempts to impose his will by force. Scots rose in 1639 against Charles’ introduction of the English Prayer Bo ok into Scotland, the anti-royalist London merchants encouraged the invading Scots to capture Newcastle. This they did in 1640, totally disrupting the export of coal. The Scottish army remained in Newcastle for a year and charged the Corporation a regular fee for billeting its troops. 640 – Short Parliament= sat from 13 April to 5 May 1640 during the reign of King Charles 1 of England and called â€Å"short† because it only lasted 3 weeks. He was forced to call the Short Parliament primarily to obtain money to finance his military struggle with Scotland in the Bishops’ War. -Long Parliament= established to pass financial bills. It received its name from the fact that through an Act of Parliament, it could be dissolved only with the agreement of the members and those members did not agree to its dissolution until after the English Civil War and at the end of interregnum in 1660. You read "Absolutism and Constitutionalism" in category "Essay examples" 641 -Grand R emonstrance= a list of grievances presented to King Charles I by English Parliament on 1 December 1641, but passed by the House of Commons on the 22nd of November 1641, during the Long Parliament; it was one of the chief events which were to precipitate the English Civil War. 1642-1651 -Invasion of Parliament (Roundhead/Cavaliers)= was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The first (1642–46) and second (1648–49) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war (1649–51) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. 6. Explain how the â€Å"Rump Parliament† and, more appropriately, Oliver Cromwell, ruled England during the period between Charles I and Charles II. – ruled first England, and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the English Civil War and the execution of Charles I, the republic’s existence was initially declared by â€Å"An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth† adopted by the Rump Parliament, on 19 May 1649. The government took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell. Just before and after the execution of King Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Rump passed a number of acts of Parliament creating the legal basis for the republic. Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o To help remember the order of the English monarchs, try to remember the â€Å"Cromwell Sandwich. As with any good sandwich, it is named after the meat, which goes in the middle. Surrounding the meat is usually CHeese. In the Cromwell Sandwich then, the buns equal James (James I on top, or first, and James II bottom, or last) and the CHeese equals CHarles (Charles I on top of the meat or first, and then Charles II below the meat or second). Thus the order goes Bun (James I), Cheese (Charl es I), Meat (Oliver Cromwell), Cheese (Charles II), and Bun (James II). I don’t know, it helps me. : ) 1. Describe England under the Restoration of the Monarchy (what powers did King have? Religion? )- began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II. 2. Religion and the monarchy became an increasingly touchy subject in Restoration-era England. Discuss how the following acts/events display the conflict developing between monarch and Parliament:  · Clarendon Code= The Clarendon Code was a series of four legal statutes passed between 1661-1665 which effectively re-established the supremacy of the Anglican Church after the interlude of Cromwell’s Commonwealth, and ended toleration for dissenting religions. Declaration of Indulgence= Charles II of England’s attempt to extend religious liberty to Protestant nonconformists and Roman Catholics in his realms, by suspending the execution of the penal laws that punished recusants from the Church of England. Charles issued the Declaration on 15 March 1672.  · Test Act (note who this one was aimed at)= were a series of English penal laws that served as a religious t est for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. The principle was that none but persons professing the Established Church were eligible for public employment, and the severe penalties pronounced against recusants, whether Catholic or Nonconformist, were affirmations of this principle. In practice nonconformists were often exempted from some of these laws through the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity 3. Both politics and religion played a large role in the forced removal of James II as King of England. Summarize the role of each, and note what served as the immediate cause of the Glorious Revolution. . Describe the political philosophy of John Locke found in his Two Treatises on Government. 5. How could one point to the Glorious Revolution and the English Bill of Rights as early successes for the history of Democracy? Helpful Hints for Reading this Section: o When trying to keep straight Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, think about what they stood for in regards to man’s â€Å"natural state. † Hobbes, who believed man was horrible, awful, wicked nasty and cruel, was a â€Å"Hater. † Thus, the first letter of his name and how he felt both match up (Hobbes; Hater). Locke, who said man was naturally good, was all about the Love. Thus, his name and beliefs are also connected by a first-letter principle (Locke; Love). Chapter 13 – France 1. Explain how the theory of Divine Right strengthened Louis XIV’s power as king. How did his saying â€Å"L’etat, c’est moi† reflect the teachings of Bishop Bossuet? – The Divine Right strengthened Louis XIV’s by saying that dictators, nobles, and parliament don’t have power over the people. â€Å"L’etat, c’est moi† means â€Å"I am state† reflected the teaching of Bishop Bossuet by saying God has the almighty power. 2. The Palace at Versailles is an integral part of Louis XIV’s strong reign. Answer the following with regard to life in Versailles:  · To â€Å"domesticate† something means to make it tame, or to train it to be useful to humans. In what ways did Louis XIV â€Å"domesticate the nobility? †  · Why did Louis XIV order nobles to follow such trivial social rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles? Louis ordered nobles to follow trivial social rules and elaborate social functions at Versailles because he wanted them to have less power, so they won’t be a threat to him. What types of people did Louis choose to head his government agencies? Why did he prefer to use them instead of the nobles, as was the case in other times and other countries? Louis XIV replaced the princes who had previously held positions as ministers with new aristocrats who feared him more. This gave Louis XIV, the King of France more power. 3. Explain the ways in which Jean-Baptis te Colbert made France’s economy superior to any other nations’ in the 17th century. How did the marquis of Louvois dramatically increase the effectiveness of France’s military? 4. Louis XIV’s France became so powerful that no one nation could likely stand up and defeat the French. For that reason, Louis chose to involve himself in a series of wars that would eventually break his nation’s finances. Include each of Louis XIV’s war in a timeline that shows the following:  · Years fought  · Reasons for War  · How foreign nations worked to Balance out French power  · Outcomes of War 5. Why did Louis XIV feel it was necessary to revoke the Edict of Nantes? What impact did this move have on his nation? Huguenots as a threat to his power. Huguenots through his reign were hostile to the crown and launched revolts. The revocation of the Edict of Nantes caused large numbers of them to flee to other protestant countries and establish themselves there, weakening the French economy. 6. Explain why the War of Spanish Succession (and the subsequent Treaty of Utrecht) makes a fitting culmination to a. the grand wishes of Louis XIV’s plans for domination of Europe, and; b. the principle of Balance of Power used to stop Louis XIV and contain French power 7. Consider Louis XIV’s Legacy. Create a list of positive and negative aspects of Louis XIV’s legacy. Then, create a thesis statement that evaluates the impact of Louis XIV on French history. Be sure your thesis 1) takes a side/has direction, and 2) does not simply list 3 things Louis did good and/or bad. o Intendants were government officials (royal civil servants,’ according to the text) in charge of oversight duties across all areas of French society. They were responsible for making sure that all tax money collected by regional tax officials went directly to the king (as opposed to some going to the collector’s pocket), and to oversee the training and discipline of the French military. They studied efficiency in production and carried their lessons to emerging French industries. Possibly the most important aspect of the intendants was the fact that they were not of strong noble birth. Richelieu and Louis XIV realized that using nobles to do the most important jobs of government ran counter to the idea of centralizing full power in the hands of the crown. For that reason, the intendants typically came from middle class backgrounds, people who did not possess large lands of their own. Thus, these peoples’ success in life was fully-dependent upon the king. If they became corrupt, another intendant would call them out and they would lose their job and what was likely their only chance to be very successful in life. This created an incredibly driven, obedient and loyal bureaucracy for the French kings. o During the Counter-Reformation, several different groups of Catholics came up with various ways they saw as correct in regards to Catholicism. The Jesuits were likely the most famous and most successful, as they traveled to every coastline and set up schools and monasteries in most all prominent nations. One of the Jesuits’ key messages to people was, â€Å"we can help save you. † By this, the Jesuits promoted the fact that people who were Catholic could be guaranteed salvation, so long as they followed the 7 sacraments and did as their priest told them. Another group, the Jansenists, saw this as untrue. Much like Luther and Calvin, the Jansenists believed that there was nothing people could do on earth to guarantee their salvation. They still believed in following all 7 of the Sacraments and other areas of Catholic doctrine, but they said that getting into heaven had to be a â€Å"gift† of God’s grace. A big religious dispute broke out within the Catholic church, and the influential Jesuits led an out-cry of opposition against the Jansenists. The point the text is trying to make with the Jansenists is that their group offered a form of Catholicism that included aspects of many Protestant religions (role of faith/grace as gift for salvation etc. ), which potentially could have kept French Huguenots (French Protestants) within the Catholic faith and kept them within France. When Louis XIV outlawed Jansenists, he made legal only the strongly anti-Protestant Jesuit Catholics, who began pushing for strong laws against Protestants. How to cite Absolutism and Constitutionalism, Essay examples

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Formation and Effects of Acid Rain Essay Example

Formation and Effects of Acid Rain Essay Example Formation and Effects of Acid Rain Essay Formation and Effects of Acid Rain Essay Acid rain is rain that has had an oxide of an element dissolved in it. The most common one is Sulphur dioxide (SO2), which has the highest proportion of 70% of all acid rain. Acid rain is produced when fossil fuels are burnt and they release chemical energy emissions such as Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide etc. These emissions stay in the atmosphere until they dissolve into the condensation of water (clouds). Prevailing winds take these clouds offshore (or a few miles away) and when it precipitates the rainwater that comes down is dilute sulphuric acid or dilute nitric acid. The PH Scale of substances. Substance PH Value Oven Spray cleaner 12.5 Alkali : Ammonia Solution 11 Kitchen Surface Cleaner 10 More Alkali Sea water 8.2 Distilled Water 7 Neutral Milk 6.8 Washing up Liquid 5.5 Normal Rain Water 5 More Acidic Acid Rain 4.5 Apple 3.2 Vinegar 1.1 Lemons 2.5 Lowest recorded Acid Rain 2.4 Dilute Nitric Acid 1 Acidic In general acid rain is quite weak, as the graph shows, its weaker then the strength of apples. Although the acid is quite weak there would be enough to change the acidic value of the soil and then, in turn, have catastrophic effects on the plants and wildlife surrounding it. The strongest acid would be highly corrosive it would be the same effect as pouring nitric acid on it. Here is a flow chart to show the effects of acid rain: Fossil fuels burnt with Sulphur and other content When burnt the emissions given off rise into the atmosphere They then become gaseous and dissolve in the rainwater The rain is now acidic and harmful Rain gets into rivers, which are then polluted, fish die. Soil loses magnesium and calcium to aluminum Trees roots and leaves are corrodes and die Some evaporates back into the clouds. Acid rain affects buildings, soil, wildlife, vegetation and humans health. The acid rain affects the vegetation because when the acids have dissolved into the clouds it stays there until it precipitates. When this happens the acid will be soaked up and absorbed into the soil. The vegetations supported by the soil (trees, plants etc) fine roots will get burnt/ dissolved by the acid. This means that the plant will not be able to get water; also any acid that has been absorbed up will continue to burn/dissolve from the inside out. Acid rain that has fallen directly onto the leaves will most probably dissolve them. Acid rain is such a problem because it causes devastation to wildlife, if a lake were to get more acidic then the wildlife can tolerate it will cause a chain reaction to all living things in the lake dying. If the algae died everything else will soon follow because the bottom layer of the food chain would have been killed off. Changes in UK emissions The greatest source of sulphur dioxide emissions in 1981 was from power stations. The greatest source of sulphur dioxide emissions in 1991 was from power stations. The greatest source of nitrogen oxides in 1981 was from other industry. The greatest source of nitrogen oxides in 1991 was from road transport. I think these are the greatest sources because the power stations are continuously pumping out tons of sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides. I think the amount of SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and Nox (nitrogen oxide) has decreased because more people are using electricity above gas. The emissions of SO2 and Nox have increased for road transport, not because cars have not got cleaner but due to the fact that there are many more cars in 1991 then there where in 1981 because more people commute to other places and its much more easier and convenient then walking. During the 1980s and the 1990s power stations were used to generate electricity. They used fossil fuels such as coal and oil to do this. Fossil fuels where created millions of years ago when dead plants and animals where put under a lot of pressure and where then chemically changed, hence the name fossil fuels. During this change they accumulated carbon and sulphur. For the energy in these fossil fuels to be gained they must be combusted (burnt) when this takes place the carbon and sulphur is released as a waste product. Because this was the main way to generate electricity a lot of power stations were used thus meaning many thousands of tons of fossil fuels were needed. Nitrogen oxides are generated mostly from cars and since many people had cars to commute a lot was produced. The UK is an Economically Developed Country (MEDc) and therefore has access to a wide range of technologies, which too, added to the formation of acid rain. Cars are used to get around by many people. Because of this we would emit a lot of nitrogen oxides. The amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxides have generally been on a decrease with the exception of shipping and road transport. The decrease in most things is probably due to the more efficient energy sources, such as hydroelectric power, tidal power and nuclear power. This is because it has little initial cost and they release near to no waste energy (like carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide etc). An increase of the emissions from transport and shipping is because, more people can afford to own cars and they use them more and transport across seas has increased because there are massive tankers and Ferries that take people across seas, also massive cargo ships transport goods across countries for trade. Domestic emissions have decreased because more people are using electric heaters rather then burning coal or gas for heat. Commercial and public services use more technological methods such as the Internet or email. More PowerStations are using renewable energy sources. Other transport methods are being taken over by electrical based ones, such as trams and trains. Acid rain is the creation of human activity I agree with this statement. It holds some truth about the creation of acid rain. If humans where not here there wouldnt be acid rain, rain water would always be slightly acid because of volcanoes etc but it would never reach a critical level for it to be a problem. Nature had emitted 1/3 of the total nitrogen and sulphur emissions in 1985; however humans emitted twice the amount. I think that humans will never be 100% environment friendly because its not in our nature. We need energy and the biggest source we obtain it from is fossil fuels, until these sources eventually run out we will never be environment friendly. Basically acid rain is the creation of human activity but in the past our ancestors would have produced near to nothing in terms of how much sulphur and nitrogen emissions they produced. People living in the Amazon rainforest do not produce any emissions. In a way acid rain didnt have to be the creation of human activity, it just is now. Acid Rain between Countries The graph that shows estimations of emissions and depositions of sulphur tells us what countries received the highest and lowest values for depositions and emissions. The four countries with the highest emissions are: Germany, United Kingdom, Poland and Italy. The countries with the lowest emissions are: Sweden, Austria/ Switzerland and Norway. The four countries with the highest deposition are: Germany, Poland, United Kingdom and France. The four countries with the lowest deposition are: Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland. The results show that the countries have a similar proportion of sulphur released in both emissions and depositions. The highest amounts of emissions and depositions were expected to be in the more urban areas and were. The urban areas have higher amounts because there are many more cars and factories which give out mass amounts of pollution, also there are more technologies in urban area which add to pollution. Rural areas have far less then these so in turn they produce a lot less sulphur. In the graph to show the percentage of sulphur received by other countries there is some more useful information telling us what countries receive the most and least amount of sulphur. Austria, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland receive the most sulphur from other countries, whereas the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom receive the smallest amounts. There is a distinct connection between the information here. The pollution that comes from the urban areas moves (the wind takes it over seas) to the rural areas. Global Problems of Acid Rain Is acid rain a global problem? Acid rain is defiantly a global problem. This is because the wind takes away the clouds that contain the acid and send them to another country/nation. This means that the country that produces the acid rain is causing damage to another country. Countries in Europe such as the UK and Germany produce vast amounts of sulphur; however, Norway and Austria produce very little but are affected by acid rain and have more of a problem of it then UK and Germany. Germany and the United Kingdom receive their prevailing winds from the Atlantic Ocean; these same winds go on to other Countries in Europe such as Norway. When sulphur is released into the atmosphere it doesnt dissolve into the precipitation straight away. It takes some time for it to dissolve, whilst this is happening the clouds that contain the sulphur are moving out of one country and into the next by this time the sulphur has dissolved and when it rains the water is acidic. This matter is very difficult so solve because the richer nations want to continue to stay wealthy by using cheaper, more reliable energy sources. Political leaders of countries want to stay in power but to do so they must remain in public favor. They cannot create an environmental tax to pay to clean other countries because the people wouldnt want to pay. This means they will not vote for the politician that wants to bring this idea in action. This is why it is a complex situation; the countries on the receiving end do not want to pay to clear up another countries mess and the countries creating the mess cant generate the money to clear up their own mess. LEDCs would also generate a lot of sulphur because they do not have access and cant afford to use more re-usable/natural energy resources. These LEDCs need their energy as well but the result of this would affect other countries. LEDCs such as Kenya, Africa and Asia cant afford to clean up the mess they have given to other countries and the countries on the receiving end believe that its not themselves who should clean it up, but the country that produced it. This is where debates happen on how they should be sorted. Areas that have a high concentration of emissions or depositions are Britain, USA, Scandinavia, Africa and Asia. If all these countries had a system that would clean out the emissions three would be a lot less and because these countries have them they would pass it on to other countries. Both less and more economically developed countries both use high amounts of fossil fuels. The difference is that an MEDC can afford to clean it out, but they do not because the cost would be high and the people with the authority do not wish to implement it due to the cost factor. If they do implement it they would probably lose their position and power. LEDCs cannot afford the change. If a country was to clean its own atmosphere it would need large sums of money to do so continuously. To fulfill these requirements the government would also therefore, have to raise necessary taxes throughout the country If LEDCs in the future were to develop into more industrial towns they would require much more energy, thus meaning more pollution would be created and then needed to be cleaned up. The MEDCs would react quite badly if this were to happen. The MEDCs themselves would try and stop this happening or force them to change to renewable sources for their energy. The MEDCs would have many problems trying to implement these ideas upon the growing LEDCs though. Looking at countries pasts we know that all cities have grown and will grow a lot more in the future. Cities such as London and New York will continue to grow and when this happens they will need more land area. More technologies will be introduced in the cities and a lot more energy will be used, with all this comes a greater source of pollution. If countries were to implement renewable sources of energy they would have many problems. If wind farms were to be used they would take up a lot of land. Most land in England is either being used up by cities/towns and for farmland. Also the roads and motorways take up a lot of space. So soon there will not be enough land for wind farms. Hydro-electric power is also another for of renewable energy that could be introduced into an MEDC. Hydro-electric power has its advantages. It can produce a lot of energy and protect certain areas from flooding (due to the dam that has to be built). In order of hydro-electric power to be introduced I dam must be made on a river and the side the water is traveling from must be flooded and turned into a lake. This builds up the pressure and so makes the turbines in the damn turn faster. The problem of this is that a very large area of land must be flooded. Most major cities are built very close to water because when the people first built the foundations of a village it would have been near a fresh flowing water supply, a river. If the surroundings of the river got flooded it would be most likely that the city will be in the area that would be flooded. Because of the fresh water lots of trees and vegetation would be growing next to it, these would have to be burned before the land was flooded because they would poison the water. This would also destroy the wild life around the area. Acid rain has proven itself to be one of the biggest global problems. Countries that produce it cannot afford to clean it because they cant afford it. The countries that receive the effects of the acid rain shouldnt have to clean it up because they did not cause the problem. Acid rain is a global problem due to the fact that it affects many different people in different ways makes it a more complex problem. It affects things such as buildings. The acid will get onto the buildings and slowly weaken/corrode the material it is made out of, bricks etc. Older buildings such as cathedrals are being damaged by the acid because they are made out of limestone and acid dissolves the limestone. Lakes in areas that are effected by the acid rain will become more acidic then usual. This would then kill of all life in the lake because the fish and plants cannot cope with the acidity. The problem of acid rain should be acted upon quickly as more and more places of interest and tourist attractions are being ruined by the acid rain. Also lakes are being purged of all living things. Solutions to the acid rain problem There are many ways in which acid rain can be reduced or stopped altogether. The first thing that needs to be done is to make sure that all countries recognize and understand the problem of acid rain, whether it affects their country or not. The United Kingdom may not recognize that acid rain is as big a problem then people say it is because the United Kingdom doesnt receive many of the effects of acid rain. There are no straight forward ways of dealing with acid rain; each thing that can help has its draw backs. One way of solving the problem is to not use energy sources that create sulphur dioxides or nitrogen oxides. Countries that do not burn a lot of fossil fuels such as Norway wouldnt have a problem with this because they can easily revert to renewable energy. Countries such as North American would have the biggest problems. They burn up a lot of fossil fuels for their energy. If they were to stop using fossil fuels all of a sudden they would face economical disaster. They woul dnt have enough energy to power the country. Renewable energy doesnt offer as much as energy as fossil fuels. Another good idea is to place filters on the outgoing waste gasses in factories. This would clean a great deal of the waste gases out but will never make it 100% environmentally friendly. A big drawback of this is the fact that people would have to clean them or buy new filters. This would in turn cost a lot of money. Another solution for cleaning up acid rain is to spread limestone over the affected area that has been acidified. The limestone is an alkali and the sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are acids. When acids and alkalis react together they counteract each other. Basically the acidity is neutralised by the limestone. This process would take along time so the limestone would be chemically altered by adding heat and then water; this would then turn it into slaked lime and is a much stronger alkali. This would cost a lot of money to do though and it would be difficult to establish how much lime would be needed because if they put too much lime the soil/lake would become alkali. Many countries are trying to work together to find a solution that in a way is beneficial to everyone. This can be very difficult because to clear up any problems a country would need to generate money for it. If the prime minister or president suggested an economical tax he would most probably be de-elected because this would mean the taxes would go up and its not in the publics interest to pay more money to clean up other peoples countries. All countries should decide on a maximum amount of emissions they can produce in each month, if all countries followed this then it would in turn reduce global emissions slightly. If countries were to negotiate terms of what they should do all opinions will be biased towards their own country. They would be biased because they want a decision to be made that is in favor of their own country and so they have to pay the minimum amount they can get away with. My opinion on acid rain is that lots of filters should be attached to the outputs of waste gases. This would lower the amount of acidic emissions produced. Also on top of that the country that wants to clean up its environment should do it itself. They should raise money by hosting events and through some taxes, this way people would approve more because the money will be going to their own country. Also by cleaning up their own environment they can have something done about it in the not so distant future instead of waiting for politicians to make decisions which can take years. Also if more countries switched to renewable sources and dedicated a lot of money and land for this to take place it would reduce a lot of emissions. In the future humans at the global scale will have to convert to renewable energy sources, it is unavoidable. Soon (approx 300 years) the worlds fossil fuels will run out and humans will relay solely upon these renewable energy sources to feed the ever increasing demand for energy. As time passes the technology of humans advances and soon a new renewable power source will be the main source of our energy. The renewable energy sources we have at the moment normally have a high initial cost of energy which takes a long time to break even with the amount of money that it needed to set up and the amount of money/electricity it has produced. In time the amount of sulphur dioxides and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere will fall, hopefully they will fall before too much of the earth has been damaged, such as the polar ice caps melting as a result of global warming.

The Suicide Death of Conrad Roy III

The Suicide Death of Conrad Roy III On July 12, 2014, Conrad Roy III, 18, killed himself by carbon monoxide poisoning by shutting himself in the cab of his pickup truck in a Kmart parking lot with a running gasoline-powered water pump.​ On Feb. 6, 2015, Roys 17-year-old girlfriend Michelle Carter, who was being treated in a mental facility at the time of his death, was charged with involuntary manslaughter for encouraging him to go through with his suicide plan via a number of text messages and phone calls, including one call while he was dying. Here are the latest developments in the Conrad Roy III case. Judge Upholds Manslaughter Charges in Encouraged Suicide Case Sept. 23, 2015:Â  A juvenile court judge has denied a motion to drop criminal charges against a Massachusetts teenager who encouraged her boyfriend to commit suicide. Michelle Carter will face involuntary manslaughter charges for the death of Conrad Roy III. Judge Bettina Borders pointed to evidence that shows Carter was on the phone with Roy for 45 minutes while he was in his vehicle inhaling the carbon monoxide that would kill him and failed to call the police. Judge Borders also cited text messages that reveal that Carter, 17 at the time, told Roy to get back in the truck when his suicide plan began to work and he became afraid. The Grand Jury could find probable cause that her failure to act within the 45 minutes, as well as her instruction to the victim to get back into the truck after he got out of the truck, caused the victims death, the judge said in her ruling to deny the defense motion to dismiss the charges. The defense plans to appeal Borders ruling. The next pretrial hearing is scheduled November 30. Michelle Carters Attorney Wants Charges Dropped Aug. 28, 2015 - The attorney for an 18-year Massachusetts teen accused of encouraging her boyfriend to commit suicide has asked a judge to dismiss the charges against her because prosecutors are trying to apply manslaughter to speech. Joseph Cataldo, attorney for Michelle Carter, said his client is not responsible for the death of Conrad Roy III. It was his plan, Cataldo told the judge. He is someone who caused his own death. Michelle Carters only role in this is words. Carter, who was being treated at McLean Hospital, a psychiatric facility, at the time of Roys death, has been charged with involuntary manslaughter in New Bedford Juvenile Court. Online Relationship Roy, from Mattapoisett, and Carter, from Plainville, had seen each other only a couple of times in-person, they were mostly online friends, exchanging thousands of text messages over the past two years. Cataldo said that Carter, now 18, at first tried to discourage Roy from killing himself, but when that did not work, she became brainwashed over the weeks leading up to his death to assisting him with his suicide plans. Roy had been hospitalized in a psychiatric facility two years before his death and was on medication for his mental condition, Cataldo said. Roy left suicide notes at his home for his family on the day he died. Romeo and Juliet Pact Rejected Cataldo told the court that just days before he killed himself, Roy sent Carter a text suggesting that they should kill themselves together like Romeo and Juliet. Carter responded to the text with, (Expletive), no we are not dying. Carter tried to help Roy by suggesting that he join her at McLean Hospital, but he rejected the idea, Cataldo said. The government is harping, if you will, on her saying when are you going to do it? When are you going to do it? Joseph Cataldo, Carters attorney said. What they are not harping on are all the times she said dont do it, dont do it. Words Are Harmful But, at the court hearing on the defense motion to dismiss the charges, Assistant District Attorney Katie Rayburn told the court that it is possible to commit a crime with words only. One can be an aider and abettor or an accessory before the fact simply for words, Rayburn told the judge. Her words are not protected, Your Honor. Her words are harmful, offensive and likely to cause an immediate, violent act. The indictment against Carter included text messages she sent other friends after Roys death in which she appears to admit being responsible for his death. Its My Fault It’s my fault. I was talking to him while he killed himself. I heard him cry in pain, Carter texted a friend. I was on the phone with him and he got out of the car because it was working and he got scared and I told him to get back in. In a later text, she explained why she told him to get back into the vehicle. I told him to get back in because I knew he would do it all over again the next day, and I couldnt have him live that way the way he was living anymore. I couldnt do it. I wouldnt let him, Carter said. Therapy didnt help him and I wanted him to go to McLeans with me when I went but he would go in the other department for his issues, but he didnt want to go because he said nothing they would do or say would help him or change the way he feels. So I like, started giving up because nothing I did was helping and but I should have tried harder, she continued. Like, I should have did (sic) more. Its all my fault because I could have stopped him but I (expletive) didnt. All I had to say was I love you and dont do this one more time, and hed still be here, Carter said. You Just Fall Asleep On Aug. 28, prosecutors released to the media other texts that Carter sent directly to Roy during the time leading up to his death. They included: There is no way you can fail... Youre strong... I love you to the moon and back and deeper than the ocean and higher than the pines, too, babe forever and always. Its painless and quickEveryone will be sad for a while but they will get over it and move on.Do you have the generator? WELL WHEN ARE YOU GETTING IT?You just need to do it, Conrad. The more you push it off, the more it will eat at you. Youre ready and prepared.All you have to do is turn the generator on and you will be free and happy. No more pushing it off. No more waiting.You have everything you need. There is no way you can fail. Tonight is the night. Its now or never.Yeah, it will work. If you emit 3200 ppm of it for five or ten minutes you die within a half hour. You lose consciousness with no pain. You just fall asleep and die. Conviction and Sentencing Carter was freed on $2,500 bond and was ordered by the judge not to use social media. Even in youthful offender court, in Massachusetts, she was looking at the possibility of being sentenced to 20 years if convicted. However, in August 2017 she was sentenced to 15 months in prison, with the sentencing judge ultimately convicting her of involuntary manslaughter due in part to the complexities of criminal responsibility in the case. Source Woman sentenced to 15 months in texting suicide case, CNN.com. August 3, 2017

Red Ball Express Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Red Ball Express - Research Paper Example In comparison to such scenarios of war from the past, the modern way of warfare is quite different in terms of dimension and pace. In today’s time, due to automated and mechanized forces, long distances can be crossed at a velocity that could previously not be perceived by the best war leaders of the old era. With the invention of automated and mechanized armed forces, expedite transportation became possible. However, along with this speed of transportation, a new requirement developed. Inventing new, highly capable fuels in abundant amounts was now required to sufficiently maintain and run these engines of mechanized war equipment. Further comparison of the ancient times of warfare to the modern day situation illustrates that previously the armies had to keep sufficient supplies of goods like barley, hay and oats for the long distances that had to be covered. This has now been replaced by the need to ensure supply of energy sources like petroleum, oil and other lubricants, PO L, which constitutes the ‘modern-day’ need of the United States army. The older techniques of warfare started to fade and the army started the usage of vehicles and trucks in warfare since the year 1911. The Red Ball Express was a creation during the period of the Second World War for the management of the supplies during the war. There were many underlying reasons that led to the formation of the Red Ball Express and then to its discontinuation (Anders 2011). In the year 1918, on November 15th, the Third Army was formed and because of its efficient working and success in its operations, it was given the authority of handling the functioning and working of the Red Ball Express. They had the power to control the posting of the units of the Red Ball Express according to their decisions. Following its formation, the Third Army was given a high command with regard to all the army decisions during the periods of wars. The Third Army played an active role in the Second World War; it trained armed forces for the purpose of the war. Its success was indicated by the victory of the army against the Nazis of Germany (Province 2011). The Third Army was inactivated from duties of war and the army was given administrative duties in the year 1947. It was completely abolished in the year 1973. However, an insight of history shows that on 3rd December, 1982, an official function was done at Fort McPherson to officially announce the same status of the Third Army as before. Third U.S. Army was activated again. The army was to be regulated by Lt. Gen. M. Collier Ross. High profile army personnel were present at the occasion (Pike 2011). Keeping in mind the overall aspects that gave birth to mechanized and fast paced wars, it can be said that World War II was the first war which utilized all the technological innovations and modern warfare techniques. Due to exceptionally high consumption of POL, throughout the war the demand remained sky high in most of the countries of the world. TORCH, an operation that initiated in North Africa was a very small scale project but still its requirements of fuel were as high as ten million gallons. â€Å"Blitz†, which was basically a 5 gallon container, was manufactured by Allied logistics, and these were brought to use. Not only this, a number of oil tankers, trucks and pipelines that carried oil were utilized to meet the increasing oil demands. These preparations were basically for the

Analysis of U.S. Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of U.S. Foreign Policy - Essay Example The U.S. democratization policy was introduced and affected by President Bush in 2005 after his administration realized that the U.S. support of non-democratic leaders contributed to terrorism. This paper will detail on how presidency, interest groups, the news media as well as the international distribution of power has made democracy policy to be what it is in the Middle East. The American interests directed to the Middle East are not national interests. The interests of some groups such as small energy companies, banks, and well-paid lobbyists do not in any way present the interests of the majority of the Americans who constitute of working-class individuals from all social groups. In most occasions, the ruling groups portray their own interests as national interests. The ruling elites have evident interests in the Middle East that they have been pursuing for almost a century. Those interests can be referred to as imperialist interests because they center on Middle East’s energy resources (Epstein, Miko and Serafino 7). In advocating democracy in the Middle East, America aims at preventing the rise of popular movements that may threaten her control of that region’s natural resources. She also uses the foreign policy to increase the number of her military in the region so as to have effective control of almost all activities. All corporate media in the U.S., as well as international media, contribute significantly to making the U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East to be what it is. For instance, it is evident that the corporate media in the U.S. carry out their roles in favor of the government policies. The media in the U.S. portray this by barring the Americans from acquiring accurate information and understanding on all the activities carried out by their government in the Middle East and other parts of the world (Jentleson 567).

Child Education In India Education Essay

Child Education In India Education Essay Education has continued to evolve, diversify and extend its reach and coverage since the dawn of human history. Every country develops its system of education to express and promote its unique socio-cultural identity and also to meet the challenges of the times. There are moments in history when a new direction has to be given to an age-old process. That moment is today. The country has reached a stage in its economic and technical development when a major effort must be made to derive the maximum benefit from the assets already created and to ensure that the fruits of change reach all sections. Education is the highway to that goal. Issues Prevelance of Child labour: All non-school going children are child workers in one form or the other. Agricultural child labour constitutes the core of the problem. Child labour policies and education policies have to be formulated and operated in tandem. Parents do want to send their children to be educated and poverty as a limiting factor is highly over-rated. Motivation and availability of infrastructure rather than poverty are the key factors. The paper underlines the strengths of formal education in eradicating child labour and forcefully argues for a legislation to provide for compulsory education.   The main argument against child labour and compulsory education is that it is necessary for the wellbeing of the poor as the state is unable to provide relief. The second argument, is that education would make the poor unsuited for the kind of manual work that is required to be done. The third argument is that certain industries would be forced to close down if they did not have the facility of the low wage child labour. The last argument against banning child labour and enforcing compulsory education is that the State should not be allowed to interfere in the parents rights who know what is best for their children and families. Lack of Coverage: Despite the regular expansion of the ICDS, the coverage of children for ECCE is still as low as 20 percent. This is an issue of both inadequate access and inadequate quality of service delivery. With ICDS continuing to be the main vehicle for ECCE, the GOI is proposing to expand the service further and universalize it within the next few years. While this is a welcome proposal, the risk is of expanding too fast and compromising on quality. Girl Child Education: The Indian government has expressed a strong commitment towards education for all; however, India still has one of the lowest female literacy rates in Asia. In 1991, less than 40 percent of the 330 million women aged 7 and over were literate, which means today there are over 200 million illiterate women in India. Laws Relating to Child Education in India Constitutional position of education in India While considering the various aspects of education with regard to state obligation, judicial interpretations, given to this obligation by various jurists are the primary source of learning. In the good old times, education was essentially an act of charity or philanthropy. Then, it was thought of as an occupation. Judicial dicta went so far as to consider it as an industry. Whether or not to perceive education as a fundamental right or not has been debated for a long time. The establishment and the administration of an educational institution for the imparting of knowledge to students is an occupation, protected by Article 19(1) (g) and additionally by Article 26(a), if there is no element of profit generation. Imparting education has come to be a means of livelihood for some professionals. It is considered as a mission in life for some altruists. Education was a State Subject in view of the following Entry 11, placed in List II State List:- 11. Education including universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I and entry 25 of List III. By the Constitution (42nd Amendment) Act 1976, the above-said Entry was directed to be deleted and instead Entry 25 in List III Concurrent List, was directed to be suitably amended so as to read as under:- 25. Education, including technical education, medical education and universities, subject to the provisions of entries 63, 64, 65 and 66 of List I; vocational and technical training of labour The Constitution of India has laid a directive before the state to make a provision of free and compulsory education for children below the age of fourteen years. 45. Provision for free and compulsory education for children: The State shall endeavor to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. However, the government has not been successful in providing adequate facilities of education for the under privileged children, located in the rural areas. The Supreme Court in the case Unnikrishnan vs. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) ruled that the right to education is a fundamental right that flows from the right to life in Article 21 of the Constitution. Following this ruling, the 86th Constitution Amendment Act, 2002 added Article 21A, stating, The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. The 86th Amendment also modified Article 45, which now reads The State shall endeavor to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of 6 years. The state recently enacted the Right to Education Act, seeking to effect the 86th Constitutional amendment Judiciary and Education In the judgment of Unnikrishnan, a Constitution Bench of this Court framed a scheme that governs admissions to professional colleges. The main objective was to ensure that merit prevails in the matter of admissions, both in respect of what were called free seats as well as in respect of payment seats. This judgment was rendered on February 4, 1993. The scheme was to be effective from the Academic Year 1993-94 onwards. Review Petitions were filed by several institutions against the said judgment. They were dismissed by the Constitution Bench. The judgment of P.A. Inamdar and others vs. State of Maharashtra was a landmark in the field of educational law. Law reports are replete with rulings related to the education in its several aspects. Until the T.M.A Pai Foundation case, there were four oft- quoted leading cases concerning the field of education, namely, (i) Unni Krishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1993) 1 SCC 645 (ii) St. Stephens College v. University of Delhi (1992)1 SCC 558 (iii) Ahmedabad St. Xaviers College Society v. State of Gujarat (1974)1 SCC 717 and (iv) Re: Kerala Education Bill, 1957, (1958) SCR 995. Right to Education Act The Right to Education Act seeks to give effect to the 86th Amendment of the Constitution of India. Salient provisions: The State shall ensure a school in every neighbourhood Every school shall conform to certain minimum standards, defined in the Bill Government schools shall provide free education to all admitted children Private schools shall admit at least 25% of children from weaker sections; no fee shall be charged to these children Screening tests at the time of admission and capitation fees are prohibited for all children Government schools will be managed by School Management The National Commission for Elementary Education shall be constituted to monitor all aspects of elementary education including quality. The Right to Education Act prescribes the Rights of Every Child as follows: Every child between the age of 6 and 14 years has the right to full-time free and compulsory education in a neighbourhood school. Non-enrolled children, of age group 7-9 years, have the right to be admitted in an age-appropriate grade within one year of the commencement of the Act, and children, of age group 9-14 years, have the right to be provided special programmes that will enable them to attend such grade within three years. Children with severe or profound disability, who are unable to attend a neighbourhood school, have the right to be provided education in an appropriate environment. A child cannot be held back in any grade or expelled from a school till Class VIII. Any expulsion requires an order of the School Management Committee (SMC), which will be given only after all other corrective measures have been exhausted, and parents/guardians have been heard. The local authority will take steps to enroll such a child in another neighbourhood school. The Act also prescribes the responsibility of the State as follows: The State shall ensure availability of a neighbourhood school for every child within three years. In case of non-availability, free transport or free residential facilities shall be provided. The state/UT government shall determine every year the requirement of schools, facilities, and their locations; establish additional schools as required; deploy teachers and create facilities for their training. The State shall develop a mechanism to monitor enrolment, participation and attainment status of every child, and take corrective steps wherever required. Information in this regard will be made available in the public domain, including on an on-line basis. School Admissions No school can conduct any screening procedure of any child or parents at the time of admission. Children will be selected for admission in a random manner. Capitation fees are prohibited. Provisions concerning School Management: All non-government schools have to be recognized by a Competent Authority or they must shut down. The Act specifies certain norms (such as teacher-student ratio, physical infrastructure etc.) to be fulfilled by all schools as a pre-requisite for being recognized. All State and aided schools are required to form School Management Committees (SMCs) with at least 75% of the members being parents/guardians, and the other members representing teachers, the community and the local authority. SMCs will manage the school, including the sanction of leave Provisions regarding Content and Process Schools and academic authorities formulating curriculum shall conform to the values enshrined in the Constitution. Schools should operate in a child- friendly and child- centred manner. No child shall be required to appear at a public examination before completing Grade VIII. Policies and Schemes Prominent Policies in the Context of Provision of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) in India National Nutrition Policy (1993) which recognized children below six years as high-risk groups to be given high priority. National Policy on Empowerment of Women (2001), supported provision of childcare facilities, including crà ¨ches at work places. India also ratified Convention on Rights of the Child in 1992 and reaffirmed its commitment to children, which resulted in formulation of policy framework to prepare a National Charter for Children. National Commission for Children has also been set up. The Commission as visualized would protect/safeguard the rights of children with a strong legal base. National Plan of Action for Children (2005) included universalisation of ECCE as one of the goals. It specified care, protection and development opportunities for children below 3 years and integrated care and development and pre-school learning opportunities for 3-6 year olds. National Curriculum Framework (2005f emphasized two years of pre-schooling and considered ECCE as significant for holistic development of the child, as a preparation for schooling and as a support service for women and girls. It advocated play-based developmentally appropriate curriculum Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) India has the distinction of having conceptualized and floated perhaps the worlds largest program for children, modeled on the definition which says that working with children means a more holistic view one of its components is child education, as early as in 1975. Known as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), this program targets children, pregnant and lactating mothers and adolescent girls from a lifecycle perspective Non-formal preschool education has been one of its core components. Other Policies and Schemes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1968 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1986 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Policy on Education, 1986 (As modified in 1992) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government, announced in May, 2004 Extracts relating to Education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Curriculum Framework, 2005 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ National Commission for Protection of Child Rights à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incentives to Girls for Secondary Education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Information and Communication Technology in Schools (ICT @ Schools) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Primary Education Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Suggestions Decentralized and holistic planning for children: Given Indias diversity and scale the planning process and designing of interventions for children have to be contextualized. This can only be possible through a decentralized and participatory approach to planning and implementation. The Education sector already has experience of this approach to some extent and the programs /services for younger children would need to learn from this experience and reach out to children in a more targeted and local specific mode. Priority to and Ownership of ECCE: Very recently, the total responsibility of ECCE has been shifted from Department of Education within the Ministry of Human Resource Development to a newly created Ministry of Women and Child Development. Though, it is too early to comment upon the implications of this decision, however, it is likely to generate a lot of discussion and debate about the issue of ownership and its logistic location with the education sector. Prescription vs. Practice: While, a favourable policy framework and appropriate curricular guidance is available in the country for ECCE; the reality is that there is a large gap between what is prescribed or suggested and what is practiced. In a study conducted by the NCERT (1998) it was found that almost all the ICDS centers observed adhered to teaching of 3 Rs ( reading, writing and arithmetic) and there was a virtual absence of any play activities. Typically, the activities of preschool education under ICDS are conducted for a period ranging from 45 minutes to two hours duration daily, with minimal play and learning material support and that too, largely in the absence of sufficient outdoor and indoor spaces, basic infrastructure facilities and competent workers. Preschool education in private/ public nursery schools, again, is largely a downward extension of primary education curriculum, with teachers often having no ECCE training. Training Inputs and Institutional Support: Effective preparation of teachers/service providers for ECCE is another issue, which is expected to determine quality. Corresponding to the range of ECCE programs and initiatives in India there is a variety of training provisions in ECCE, as well. These range from the two year integrated Nursery Teachers training program (NTT) which aims at preparing teachers for preschool stage (3-6 years) and for the first two grades (6-8 years) of the primary stage, In addition, the curriculum of higher/ senior secondary stage of education (+2) in Central Board of Secondary Education, National Institute of Open Schooling and many State Education Boards have also included early childhood education as an area of vocational education. Public Spending on Children: For the very first time, in the year (2004-05), the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) in Government of India undertook a child budgeting exercise to look at provisions and expenditures for children more holistically. This portends well for a more comprehensive approach towards planning and budgeting for children in the future. The public funds allocated to children are classified under four heads in the child budgeting exercise: ICDS Nutrition, Education, Health and Child Protection and others. As per the Constitution of India, child related provisions are in the concurrent list of responsibilities with the States having a prominent role in service delivery. However, most of the states spending are on recurrent items of expenditures, it is the funds which are made available through the Centrally Sponsored Schemes that provide for reform and quality improvement. Overall, there has been an increase in expenditure on children as a percentage of GNP from 2.66 % in 1993-94 to 3.26% in 2001-02 (DWCD, Annual Report, 2004-05). As indicated in Figure 13 below, in terms of relative contributions, both the central and State contributions show steady increases over time, especially since 1997-98, with the states contribution being significantly more dominant. Still the overall public expenditure is far less than it should be.